Choosing a cow starts with one big question:
What’s your purpose for buying her?
A cow that’s perfect for one person might not be right for you. Your goals, setup, and experience level should guide your choice. Here are 10 things to look for and consider when choosing a cow.
Ask:
When did she freshen (give birth and start this lactation)?
If she’s been milking for over 2 months, has she been bred?
If she’s been milking for over 4 months, has she been pregnancy-confirmed?
If pregnant, when is she due and what bull was she bred to?
Tip: Have a small, secure pen ready before she arrives. This makes it easier to bring her in for milking while she adjusts to her new home.
Questions to ask about her milking routine:
How does she behave during milking?
How is she fed?
How much milk is she producing?
What does the current milking setup look like?
Ask when she went dry and her expected calving date.
Confirm pregnancy with at least two positive tests.
Ideal dry period: 60–90 days before calving.
You may be able to feel the calf on the right side of her belly.
Especially if you’re new to cows, temperament matters. Ask:
Is she halter-trained?
Is she calm, friendly, or more reserved?
Do you want a cuddly companion or a friendly but independent cow?
Machine milking: Teat size is less critical.
Hand milking: Look for medium-sized teats—small teats are hard to milk, large ones can be awkward.
Watch a video of her being milked, or touch and feel her udder yourself to make sure it is to your liking.
Cows are herd animals and happiest with a companion (another cow or calf). While some adapt to being alone, expect vocalizing and restlessness. If she becomes anxious or depressed, consider finding her a buddy. Prepare ahead by considering your setup and plans for your farm.
“Just calved” – Probably not pregnant.
“Exposed” – May be pregnant, but not confirmed.
“Bred” – Mating or AI has occurred, but pregnancy isn’t guaranteed.
“Pregnant” – Ask about confirmation and due date (allow for a 1+ month margin of error).
Know which diseases matter to you.
Be prepared to pay for updated testing if needed.
Remember: even if a herd tested negative in the past, exposure can happen later through insects or other contact
Fresh heifer (2–3 yrs): Gentle if handled well, but can spook easily.
3–5 yrs: Experienced, solid milk producer, many years ahead.
6–8 yrs: Seasoned and often steady—good for beginners or families.
9+ yrs: Could still produce for years if cared for well, but may be near the end of her milking life.
Even gentle cows are large animals, and accidents happen.
Just because it is gentle and friendly doesn’t mean it will never hurt you. Some very gentle, friendly cows can turn their head and bonk you pretty hard, or even get startled and throw a kick if you touch them too abruptly when they aren’t expecting it. Make sure when you are touching them or working with them that you don’t put yourself in a bad position (with your body between the cow and a hard, immovable object), where they could break an arm or squish you by mistake. Also, because your cow is living, it can get sick or hurt. Ask questions, but also look over your cow before purchasing. Most farmers will make a note of anything serious that they notice, but probably won’t think to mention a scar, or a scratch, or a bug bite. So check over your cow and ask questions if you see something that doesn’t look right.
Ask:
Was she a good mom to her own calves?
Has she nursed calves not her own? How did she behave?
How much milk does she give?
Estimate 1 gallon per calf per day.
Limit to 4 calves max to avoid teat damage and ensure all calves get milk.
If it is possible for you to pick up your cow in person so you can physically see and touch your cow, that is the best way to know what you are getting. But if that is not an option, ask to see photos or videos.
Once you purchase a cow, her care becomes your full responsibility. While some farmers may be happy to offer occasional advice, you should be prepared to handle her daily needs, address health issues, and seek veterinary help when necessary. If she becomes sick, injured, or requires special attention, it’s up to you as her owner to ensure she receives proper care. Before bringing a cow home, take time to read, research, and learn as much as possible so you’re equipped to support her well-being and respond confidently when she needs you most.
Know your purpose, ask the right questions, and be prepared—both in knowledge and setup—before bringing a cow home. The right match will serve you well for years to come.
